Taylor Grazing Act in Nevada, 1934-1984

I

BLM LIBRARY

88008529

TAYLOR GRAZING ACT
IN NEVADA

SF

85.35

,N3

S52

1984

1934 • 1984

3UREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT
LIBRARY, D - 245A

nc2Sirl0lJ?E,^ER FE°ERAL CENTER
DENVER, CO 80225

TAYLOR GRAZING ACT, 1934 - 1984

A NEVADA RETROSPECTION A|*

55>

The grazing district is not a new concept
for people to think about. It is thousands
of years old. We... are going to make them
on a scale the world has never seen before,
and here in Nevada we will lead the world
in grazing commons in a size and area that
never existed in the world before. £'

These were the words of Farrington R. Carpenter
meeting with Nevadans in Reno on January 24, 1935 to
discuss how Nevada would establish grazing districts
to carry out the provisions of the Taylor Grazing
Act. Nevada Governor Richard Kirman called the
meeting to order before a large group of stock
growers and legislators who had cancelled their own
sessions so they might attend the Taylor grazing
district hearings.

By the afternoon, 45 men and women representing
sheep and cattle growers from 16 of Nevada's 17
counties had formed a State Committee to develop a
workable plan. On April 8, 1935 Nevada had its
first grazing district, No. 1, in Elko County.
Nevada Grazing District No. 2 which included
Humboldt, Pershing and upper Washoe Counties was
established on October 18, 1935.

Three other districts were recommended for the State
of Nevada, but because of grazing acreage
limitations in the Taylor Grazing Act of June 28,
1934, it was not until 1936 that Nevada's next three
grazing districts were formed. (The 1934 Act
authorized the Secretary of the Interior to
establish grazing districts not exceeding 80 million
acres nationwide of "vacant, unappropriated and
unreserved lands" in the public domain. A June 26,
1936 amendment increased that acreage to 142 million
acres.) Ironically this acreage limitation meant
that the Ely grazing district (No. 4) did not form

until November 3, 1936. Yet, stockmen of the Ely
area were the first Nevadans to petition for a
grazing district.

Grazing Districts 3 and 5 shared the November 3,
1936 formation date with Ely stockmen who were in
Grazing District 4 consisting of White Pine County
and portions of Lincoln County. District 3 was
Storey, Ormsby, Douglas, Lyon and Mineral Counties
and portions of Washoe and Churchill Counties.
District 5 was Clark County.

Formation of Nevada's first five districts in 1935
and 1936 left about 20,000,000 acres of public
domain in the central portion of Nevada unreserved
for grazing leases under Section 15 of the Taylor
Act, or for military reservations, forest reserves
or later Taylor grazing districts. Today, Esmeralda
County is Nevada's major Section 15 lands. The
portions of Lincoln County not originally in a
grazing district were later added to either Clark or
Ely's districts. Lander, Eureka and Nye Counties
became Nevada's sixth district. On February 9, 1951
the order was signed which formed District No. 6 —
the last Taylor grazing district in the nation.

Grazing districts established during the early days
under the Taylor Grazing Act became the basic

jurisdictional pattern for administration of these
Nevada lands by the Grazing Division, an office
within the Secretary of the Interior's office. That
office on August 26, 1939 was renamed the Grazing
Service. Then in 1946 the General Land Office
merged with the Grazing Service to form the Bureau
of Land Management (BLM).

A NEED FOR ORDERLY USE and PRESERVATION

Looking back, what caused these men and women to
gather in meeting halls and ranch houses throughout
Nevada fifty years ago to discuss the use of the
range? Congress had not looked at rangeland
legislation before; use was uncontrolled unless the
states or the courts had been asked to step in on
behalf of an individual.

The entire West was suffering from drought; forage
and water were limited. There had been a
catastrophic drop in the price paid for livestock,
declining some 50 percent between 1931 and 1933. In
some areas, cattle and sheep growers felt forced to
make greater use of the open range, although some
public lands were already considered filled to
capacity with stock.

"The combination of drought with poor forage and low
prices .. .demoralized the livestock industry and
brought about a change in its attitude toward
Federal management of the public rangelands , "£'
says Paul W. Gates in his book dealing with public
land law development. Thus, in 1934 the Honorable
Edward T. Taylor of Colorado introduced legislation
which provided a system to manage federal grazing
resources through grazing districts and to limit the
amount of grazing permitted on the lands in order to
preserve its long-run productivity. Taylor said his
act recognized that existing land laws were totally
inadequate to bring about orderly use or preservation
of the public lands.

Although the Act carried the word "grazing," it was a
broad piece of legislation giving the Secretary of
the Interior authority for multiple-use management.
Wildlife was among the earliest concerns of both the
Grazing Service personnel and the Nevadans who had
been elected locally to serve on grazing advisory
boards. The Boards of Nevada Districts No. 1 and No.
2 in 1936 passed resolutions indicating a "... desire
to perpetuate the existence and promote and safeguard
the welfare of wild life..." One resolution called
for "...due allowance. .. to provide the proper forage
for deer and game animals and due consideration shall
be given to the preservation of the nesting grounds
of sagehen, water fowl, and other game birds."

The Taylor Act in Section 7 said "...the Secretary is
hereby authorized ... to examine and classify any lands
within such grazing districts which are more valuable

and suitable for the production of agricultural crops
than native grasses and forage plants, and to open
such lands to homestead entry..." The subjects of

3

the other sections of the Act were: Section 5: use
of timber, stone, gravel, clay, coal and other
deposits; Section 6: rights-of-way and mining;
Section 8: exchanges; and Section 14: sale of
isolated tracts. In the 1930s, however, the most
urgent problem facing the Secretary of the Interior
was management of the range.

Thus, it was that Farrington R. Carpenter of Hayden,
Colorado was called upon to organize the Grazing
Service. Carpenter was a Harvard-trained lawyer, a
homesteader with purebred Herefords. He was a
livestock operator, but did not run stock on public
lands. Less than three months after the passage of
the Taylor Act (on September 7, 1934), he was
appointed as director. Within days, he began a
series of meetings with Western stock growers.

In September 1977, reflecting on the early days,
Carpenter told a group that it was "No easy job to
do... but, I had the backing of the stockmen. And, I
had the backing of the Western press. And, I had
the backing of the Western Congressmen. And, boy we
went to townln£/

NEVADA PETITIONS FOR GRAZING DISTRICTS
POURED IN

Three months after passage of the Act, Assistant
Secretary of the Interior Oscar L. Chapman met with
stockmen in Nevada. Great interest followed, and 17
petitions for grazing districts were received. The

petitions covered the entire area of the State with
the exception of portions of Humboldt, Lincoln and
Nye Counties. It became evident, however, that
organization of so many units was slow and that
boundaries of proposed districts seldom followed
natural grazing boundaries. This was not unusual to
Nevada. Since other states had similar problems, it
was decided one meeting would be held in each
state. For Nevada that was the January 25, 1935
session in Reno.

Attendance was substantial. A roster of those
chosen for the State Committee, as well as the list
of those asking questions that day, was documented
by Thomas Buckman of the University of Nevada's
Agricultural Extension Service who was asked to
record the hearings by the Livestock Department of
the Nevada State Farm Bureau.

Although the Taylor Act did not originally provide
for advisory boards, they were established almost
immediately. Carpenter's philosophy was: when you
clean or reorganize a house, first talk to those who
dwell within. Carpenter felt advisory board members
best knew local customs and usages, as well as the
land and its resources. Buckman describes the first
meetings :

Soon after the election of district
advisors in a district, the Division of
Grazing called a meeting of the advisors
elected at a convenient place in or near
the district. A member of the grazing
service was always present and in charge of
the meeting. The advisors organized
themselves into a board by electing one of
their own members as chairman, and
proceeded to pass on applications for 1935
grazing licenses. fL'

Advisory boards were lauded by President Franklin D.
Roosevelt who received some of the members in
Washington, D.C. in 1936. Roosevelt related his
interest in conservation matters and discussed with

5-

them his own farm's soil erosion problems. Nevadans
received were Gordon Griswold (District No. 1) and
Phil Tobin (District No. 2) who were discussing with
Grazing Service employees matters of general policy
concerning regulations and methods of administration
for new grazing districts. (Names of the first
members of each of Nevada's six advisory boards and
those who served on the State Committee are listed
at the conclusion of this article.)

In 1939 an amendment of the Taylor Act required
advisory boards and encouraged the formation of
state boards and a national advisory board.

GRAZING SERVICE FORMS

To work with these advisory boards, Carpenter
"gathered around him a few practical stockmen. . .and
picked up others from the land classification unit
of the Geological Survey, the Forest Service and
other federal agencies. "£' Initially their
concerns centered on issuing licenses, conducting
range surveys and making range improvements.

The administrative headquarters for the Grazing
Service was in Washington, D.C., with a general field
headquarters maintained in Salt Lake City. In 1936
the Regional Grazier for Region 3 was J.H. Leech
whose office was in Reno. He was succeeded in
mid-1936 by L.R. Brooks who was to remain as Region
3 Grazier for a number of years. Region 3 initially
included not only Nevada districts, but two in
California and one in Oregon. The Regional Grazier
had three or four graziers on staff. Range
improvements were carried on by the Civilian
Conservation Corps (CCC).

In the first year of the Act, there were 60 CCC camps
assigned the Grazing Division with an enrollment of
12,000 persons. As of June 1936, 12 CCC camps were
in Nevada. One was a CCC "spike" camp (Camp Idlewild)
which served as a drafting office to compile range
survey information. Most work, however, was on-the-

ground. In 1937 the "Grazing Bulletin" lists among
CCC camp accomplishments in Nevada:

— 24 miles of drift fence from Battle Mountain to the

Lander-Eureka county line;
— 59 miles of the Jersey Valley truck trail

connecting four ranges by a year-round road;
— 10 wells along major stock trails;
— a watering-resting place for stock at Whitehouse

Springs;
— fences at Pine Valley and Roberts Mountain;
— partial completion of 30 miles of trail from

Illapah to Barnes.

Enrollees continued to work in range improvement
until CCC disbandment in 1943, although the work
diminished in 1941.

In the original Taylor Grazing Act, Section 3
provided for the Secretary of the Interior to charge
"reasonable fees... to be fixed or determined from
time to time..." and to issue permits. Within
grazing districts, preference for permits went to
those "...who are landowners engaged in the
livestock business, bona fide occupants or settlers,
or owners of water or water rights..." Lands not
within a district, called Section 15 lands, could be
leased to "...owners of lands contiguous thereto for
grazing purposes..."

In Nevada J. P. Harriman and Roy Persson introduced
an assembly bill which passed on March 27, 1935,
providing that the funds allocated to the States from
grazing fees should be deposited with the State
Treasurer and would be credited to the district
advisory boards.

Fees for grazing privileges were collected in 1936 at
the rate of 5 cents per head per month for cattle and
horses and 1 cent per head for each sheep or goat.
Nevadans paid their fees at the U.S. District Land
Office in Carson City. No fees were collected in
1936 for Districts 3, 4 and 5 since they were
organized after the grazing season. Districts 1 and
2 did have 689 licenses issued.

Fifty years after the passage of the Taylor Grazing
Act, 705 operators are licensed in Nevada. The
charge per Animal Unit Month in fiscal year 1984 is
$1.37.

9

REFLECTIONS ON THE 1930s, 1940s

The passage of the Taylor Grazing Act did have a
significant effect on the ranching industry in
Nevada. In recent interviews with a BLM cultural
resources specialist, four individuals shared their
recollections of the late 1930s and early 1940s. iL'

One individual who has been ranching in Northwest
Nevada since the 1930s said:

During the Depression a lot of little
outfits went out of business. We came in
just as the times changed from the bad ones
to better ones .. .Really , the BLM helped us,
you see... no little outfit could have
operated without the help of the BLM.

One change was the elimination of livestock operators
who owned no base property in the area. The rancher
explained :

It (the Taylor Grazing Act) greatly changed
things. . .They sheared 27,000 sheep in this
country in 1928 and '29... This was big sheep
country .. .and them sheepmen. . .was coming
through here with big bands of sheep... They
couldn't operate after the Taylor Grazing
act came through. .. .They didn't have no base
property ... .All they owned was just their
mules that they packed their camps on... and
the sheep... and they was just going wherever
they could get feed.

Clyde Fisk, a rancher who served 20 years on the
Winnemucca Grazing Advisory Board and whose family

has been in Nevada since 1911, reflected on the
early days of the Grazing Service:

We used to drive into Winnemucca about once
a month. In the early years the Grazing
Office was on Main Street (Bridge Street)
upstairs in a building across the street
from the Winnemucca Hotel. They paid for
gas, but it wasn't enough to cover the
cost ... .There was only four people in the
grazing office.

According to Dan and Sammye Ugalde, longtime Nevada
ranchers and grazing permittees, there were few
range improvements prior to the Taylor Grazing Act.
They note:

The sheepmen probably did more work than
anybody because the troughs for the sheep
were a necessity. Like a spring,
they'll just stomp it in. And, so they
would come in and fix some kind of
watering for the sheep. I would say that
they were the only ones. Maybe fence off
some bad waters, but other than that there
really wasn't what you'd call range
improvements. Maybe ponds if there was
someplace they could come in with a Fresno
and a team maybe they'd build little
reservoirs.

The Taylor Grazing Act and the authorization for the
Civilian Conservation Corps program were both before
Congress in 1934. Thus, Western lands benefitted
from many range improvements built by the CCC.
Walter Timmons who lives in Midas served as a foreman
for one of the Nevada CCC camps. He recalls his
experience :

My pay (as foreman) was $2,000 a year. That
was in a time when average pay on a ranch
was $30 a month. Two dollars an hour was
exceptionally high wages. The (CCC) boys
got $30 a month (plus) room, board and

1

clothing. . .The average age was between 16
and 21.

Every summer we fought fires... We had a
construction foreman for roads, and a
carpenter foreman, and one who was a rock
mason who built the headstones for the
culverts. .. it was all built of rock, native
rock. He was an old stone mason from
Italy. Very good at it. They did have a
man who took care of the horses... but they
were soon replaced with machinery.

The Army furnished the food, the clothing
and the administration for the boys.... The
Forest Service or the agency that provided
the work (the Grazing Service) supervised
their work for eight hours during the day.
Of course, a lot of the boys who had no work
were from the East. You see, we didn't have
that many (unemployed youth) in Nevada.
They couldn't have gotten local men. The
farm work took care of a lot of the young
fellas... We had boys right from the Bronx...
We had an exceptional crew from Kansas.
Those boys were mostly farm boys who got
knocked out of work from that sandstorm that
covered up all of their country.

Most CCC range improvements were built to stay, and
evidence of many remains in Nevada. Another legacy
is the former CCCers who choose to remain in the
West. In a recent reunion, several of the men who
worked for the CCC talked about the skills they
learned that have helped them through life: how to
hold a shovel, fight a fire, drive a truck, and for
some, how to read, write a check and make a deposit.
Thus, in a bleak period of history, youths benefitted
from employment with the CCC and the West benefitted
from improvements on the public lands.

\o

THE PUBLIC LANDS TODAY: DIVERSITY

While the Taylor Grazing Act sought to improve the
management of the rangelands pending their
disposition, a new wave of Western settlement after
World War II and a new generation called for more
than envisioned in the 1934 act. For example, the
Classification and Multiple Use Act of 1964 mandated
the administration of the public lands for "outdoor
recreation, range, timber, watershed and wildlife and
fish purposes." Under the National Environmental
Policy Act of 1969, the Bureau of Land Management
undertook environmental analysis on its grazing
management program. And, in 1976 the Federal Land
Policy and Management Act addressed the concerns of
the new generation: its philosophy is that public
lands should remain a legacy for all Americans.

Mineral leasing, permitting and information are all
handled by today's Bureau. Wildlife habitat
management and identification is an active program.
Wilderness studies are underway in all Nevada
districts. The lands and realty program involves
land transfers, land leases and rights-of-way.
Private parties and commercial harvesters gather
pinyon pine nuts. The cultural resources program
strives to discover and preserve prehistoric,
historic and Indian sites for scientific, cultural
and religious uses. Wild horses and burros are to be
protected and managed. Off-Road Vehicle enthusiasts
have events on public lands. Fire fighting is a

iv

major concern. Other major programs include
recreation, soils, hydrology, economics, planning,
and cadastral survey.

With this diversity of activity in Nevada, the Bureau
of Land Management continues to seek public awareness
and involvement in the administration of public
lands. Grazing advisory boards continue to
participate in plans and projects, and citizens
representing various interests participate in local
advisory councils and coordinated resource management
and planning groups. The vast Nevada acreage
reflects the diversity of American life today.

a/ Buckman, Bulletin 76. p. 16

b/ Gates, p. 610.

c_/ Carpenter, 1977 speech.

d/ Buckman, Bulletin 77. p. 77.

e_/ Clawson, p. 35.

f/ Cultural Resources interviews by Peggy McGuckian,
BLM archaeologist.

n^

NEVADA STATE COMMITTEE
Taylor Grazing Meeting
January 24, 1935

Churchill County

C.E. Kent, Fallon.

Wayne Wightman, Fallon.

Walter Whitaker, Fallon.
Clark County

Max Hafen, Mesquite.

Lester Mills, Logandale.
Douglas County

D. W. Park, Gardnerville .

Wm. Dressier, Minden.

Charles Fulstone, Carson.
Elko County

Wm. B. Wright, Deeth.

A.G. McBride, Elko.

H.A. Agee, Wells.
Esmeralda County

Geo.E. McKenna, Goldfield.

Sam Worthington, Austin.
Eureka County

Edgar Sadler, Eureka.

A.C. Florio, Eureka.

Charles Damele, Eureka.
Humboldt County

Harold Parman, Gerlach.

Pete Etchart, Denio.

W.A. Johnstone, Denio.
Lander County

Martin Phillipini, Battle Mtn.

John Hickison, Austin.

E.R. Marvel, Battle Mtn.
Lincoln County

Wm. Warren, Ursine.

J.W. Smith, Cedar City, Utah.

P. A. Delmue, Pioche.
Lyon County

Pete Henrichs, Yerington.

Wm. Blackwell, Wellington.

John McGowan, Yerington.

»3

Mineral County

C.B. Burkham, Reno.

Tom Williams, Wellington.

Delbert Fallon, Yerington.
Nye County

Grant Welch, Sharp.

Mrs. Grace M. Rogers, Round
Mountain.

James Riordan, Lund.

Ormsby County

Ira L. Winters, Carson.

Mrs. Helen Goni, Carson.
Pershing County

Bert Stewart, Elko.

R.H. Cowles, Reno.

Tom Griswold, Lovelock.
Washoe County

Ed Waltz, Gerlach.

O.C. Dickinson, Reno.

E.A. Settelmeyer, Reno.
White Pine County

Bert H. Robison, Aurum.

Gordon Griswold, Elko.

Arthur Carter, Lund.

In addition to the State Committee those asking
questions at the organizational meeting were:

William A. Marsh, Nye.

Morley Griswold, Washoe.

William Kearney, Washoe.

C.A. Brennen, Elko.

Earl Licking, Lander.

Clair Stewart, Lincoln.

George Hay, Lyon.

George Russell, Lander.

J. A. Sanders, Ormsby.

A.G. Murphy, Clark.

Clarence R. Moorman, White Pine.

J.F. Shaughnessy, Ormsby.

R.T. Swallow, White Pine.

Pete Henrichs, Lyon.

•I

FIRST DISTRICT ADVISORY BOARD MEMBERS
Grazing District 1

(Currently administered by Elko District.)

W.W. Brown, Ogden, Utah.

J. Leslie Carter, Lee.

George W. Garat, Tuscarora.

Walter Gilmer, Metropolis.

Gordon Griswold, EUco.

A.G. McBride, Elko.

E.R. Marvel, Battle Mountain.

George Ogilvie, Lee.

John M. Prunty, Charleston.

William Rand, Palisade.

Alfred W. Smith, Ruby Valley.

Emery Smith, Wells.

R. B. Stewart, Elko.

Frank Truett, Metropolis.

Grazing District 2*

(Currently administered by Winnemucca District.)

Vergil Buchanan, Winnemucca.

R.H. Cowles, Reno.

O.C. Dickinson, Reno.

Thomas Dufurrena, Denio, Oregon.

Pete Etchart, Denio, Oregon.

Tom Griswold, Lovelock.

E.R. Marvel, Battle Mountain.

Raymond Montero, Winnemucca.

E.A. Settelmeyer, Reno.

F.B. Stewart, Paradise Valley.

George Tierney, Cedarville, California.

Phil Tobin, Winnemucca.

Ed. Waltz, Gerlach.

E.E. Woodruff, Cedarville, California.

^Grazing District No. 2 was also called the Pyramid
District in the 1940 s.

i<r

Grazing District 3**

(Currently administered by Carson City District.)

George Henrichs, Yerington.

H.F. Dangberg, Minden.

Pete Henrichs, Yerington.

Harry Anderson, Carson City.

Wayne Wightman, Fallon.

B.F. Baker, Mina.

Virgil Connell, Simpson.

William Blackwell, Coleville, California.

John Uhart, Carson City.

Walter Whitaker, Fallon.

** Grazing District No. 3 was also known in 1940 as
the Virginia City District.

Grazing District 4

(Currently administered by Ely District.)

Walter Handley, Eureka.

Wei land Ye 11 and, Aurum.

D.C. Robison, Ely.

Harry Smith, East Ely.

Ed Halstead, Duckwater.

Alf Swallow, Garrison, Utah.

James C. Riordan, Lund.

C.R. Moorman, Ely.

George Eldridge, Aurum.

Albin C. Kirkeby, Ely.

D.C. Gardner, Lund.

J.L. Whipple, Sunnyside Ranch, Lund.

William Warren, Ursine.

John F. Wright, Hiko.

Chas. Funk, Preston.

b

Grazing District 5***

(Currently administered by Las Vegas District.)

Max Hafen, Mesquite.

Harley Adams, Bunkerville.

Luther Hafen, Mesquite.

Anthony Atkin, St. George, Utah.

John Perkins, Overton.

Ether Swapp, Overton.

Joe Perkins, Overton.

John Lundell, Cedar City, Utah.

Mrs. Naoma Bullock Simpson, Las Vegas.

Willard George, Arden.

Rex Bell, Nipton, California.

***Grazing District No. 5 was named the Searchlight
District in 1940.

Grazing District 6

(Currently administered by Battle Mountain District.)

Frank Arcularius, Tonopah.

A.F. Bordoli, Tonopah.

Charles Damele, Palisade.

Pete Elia, Elko.

Stanley Ellison, Tuscarora.

Filbert Etcheverry, Eureka.

Pete Etcheverry, Eureka.

Henry Filippini, Battle Mountain.

Charles Keough, Tonopah.

Richard Magee, Austin.

Tony Smith, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Amil Walti, Beowawe.

\1

BIBLIOGRAPHY

"Battle Mountain to be Headquarters of New Federal
Grazing Area." Battle Mountain Scout. February
15, 1951. p. 2.

Buckman, Thomas E. Setting Up Taylor Grazing
Districts in Nevada. Carson City, Nevada: State
Printing Office, June 30, 1937. Agricultural
Extension Service, Bulletin 77.

Buckman, Thomas E. The Taylor Grazing Act in Nevada.
Reno, Nevada: University of Nevada, Agricultural
Extension Service, February 15, 1935. Bulletin
76.

Carpenter, Farrington R. Address to the National
Advisory Board Council. Grand Junction,
Colorado. September 1977.

"CCC's Reunite After 50 Years; Camp Stories Delight,
Spotlight Reunion Goers." Modoc County Record.
February 2, 1984. p. 2.

Clawson, Marion. The Bureau of Land Management.
New York: Praeger Publishers, 1971.

Gates, Paul W. History of Public Land Law
Development. Washington, D.C.: Government
Printing Office, November 1968.

Georgetta, Clel. Golden Fleece in Nevada. Reno,
Nevada: Venture Publishing Company Ltd., 1972.

Vol. I.

Klemme, Marvin. Home Rule on the Range: Early Days
of the Grazing Service. New York: Vantage

Press, Inc., 1984.

Peffer, E. Louise. The Closing of the Public Domain:
Disposal and Reservation Policies , 1900-50.
Stanford, California: Stanford University Press,
1951.

Penny, J. Russell and Clawson, Marion.
"Administration of Grazing Districts" in Land
Economics. Vol. XXIX, No. 1 (February 1953).

U. S. Congress, House. Hon. Edward T. Taylor of
Colorado. Extension of Remarks, on the Public
Domain Grazing Law, reprinted from the
Congressional Record of June 29, 1935.

U. S. Congress. Senate Report No. 404. 78th
Congress, 1st Session.

U. S. Congress. Senate Report No. 404. Part 2. 78th
Congress. 2nd Session.

U. S. Congress. Senate. Subcommittee on Public
Lands of the Committee on Interior and Insular
Affairs. Hearing to review the Taylor Grazing
Act, Part 3. 88th Congress, 1st Session.

U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land
Management. Historical Highlights of Public
Land Management. 1962.

U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land
Management. "History of Ranching Project in the
Winnemucca District," ongoing cultural resources
interviews by Archaeologist Peggy McGuckian.
January-July 1984.

U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land
Management. "Our Public Lands." Vol. 3, No. 2
(April 1953).

U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land
Management. "Our Public Lands." Vol. 4 (April
1954).

U. S. Department of the Interior, Grazing Service.
"Grazing Bulletin." Vols. I - IV (1936-1941).

U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land
Management. Nevada District Office Organization
Study. 1975.

i

^

Produced by Public Affairs, Nevada State Office,
Bureau of Land Management. June 1984. Research and
text by Maxine F. Shane. Cover by Diane E.
Colcord. Publication Number BLMNVGI840174000.

H W • 00 W
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